http%3A%2F%2Fdbcontroller%2Ecom%2Ebr%2FFaS3242%2Ehtml

The Philipine Criminal Law

Criminal Law in the Philippines is primarily found in the Revised Penal Code or Act No. 3815. This was enacted way back January of 1932 and is still in effect up to now. The Revised Penal Code was translated from Spanish Criminal Laws to English and adopted it us the Philippines own. Even though the first Fundamental Law of the Philippines were not in effect until 1937 the Revised Penal Code (RPC) still stands. It is one of the oldest laws in Philippine history. It outlines the basic crimes and provides for its punishment, penalties and fines.

Criminal Law in the Philippines defines the crimes committed or omitted in violation of the law commanding it. The Revised Penal Code is not the only source of Criminal Law but also includes special laws enacted after the RPC, amendments and presidential decrees.

Criminal Laws in the Philippines are prospective in character. Once a law punishing a crime is enacted it is applied forward in time if it were otherwise it would be unconstitutional. This is called an ex post facto law where it makes criminal an act done before the passage of the law and which was innocent when done, and punishes such act. This is also a limitation in Criminal Law in the Philippines. Another limitation is the bill of attainder where the law inflicts punishment without trial. This is not allowed in the Philippines because of the safeguards provided by the Constitution.

Second character of Philippine Criminal Law is general, in that criminal law is binding on all persons who live or sojourn in Philippine territory. Third character is territoriality, in that criminal laws undertake to punish crimes within Philippine territory.

Criminal Law in the Philippines is described as part Inquisitorial and part Accusatorial. The suspect is deemed innocent until proven guilty and in other countries it is the other way around. This is a Constitutional right provided for by the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines.

As one of the rights provided for by the Constitution the accused is considered innocent until proven guilty, next, is he must be given the chance to be heard in a competent court and defend himself of the accusations against him. He must be present in the proceedings and he can testify as a witness in his own behalf. Assisted by counsel and tried by an impartial court. It is called due process of law and equal protection.

A Medical Madoff: Anesthesiologist Faked Data in 21 Studies

A Medical Madoff: Anesthesiologist Faked Data in 21 Studies

*si no conose cun Madoff, dyalo lang...just read the article...it might scare you...please pass!

Now this is scary!

"Over the past 12 years, anesthesiologist Scott Reuben revolutionized the way physicians provide pain relief to patients undergoing orthopedic surgery for everything from torn ligaments to worn-out hips. Now, the profession is in shambles after an investigation revealed that at least 21 of Reuben's papers were pure fiction, and that the pain drugs he touted in them may have slowed postoperative healing.

"We are talking about millions of patients worldwide, where postoperative pain management has been affected by the research findings of Dr. Reuben," says Steven Shafer, editor in chief of the journal Anesthesia & Analgesia, which published 10 of Reuben's fraudulent papers.

Paul White, another editor at the journal, estimates that Reuben's studies led to the sale of billions of dollars worth of the potentially dangerous drugs known as COX2 inhibitors, Pfizer's Celebrex (celecoxib) and Merck's Vioxx (rofecoxib), for applications whose therapeutic benefits are now in question. Reuben was a member of Pfizer's speaker's bureau and received five independent research grants from the company. The editors do not believe patients were significantly harmed by the short-term use of these COX2 inhibitors for pain management but they say it's possible the therapy may have prolonged recovery periods."


http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=a-medical-madoff-anesthestesiologist-faked-data


--
Money can't buy love but it can improve your bargaining position
- Thomas Marlowe

There are no stupid questions, only stupid answers.
-Lord Amiah

Disaster Management

Disaster will always make us distressful, isn’t it? Fire, typhoon, earthquake, tornado, and flood are examples of it. That is why, it is important for us to know how to manage this disaster. Disaster management is not that easy. The individual, people and entire community must work hand-in-hand to have a successful disaster management.

According to Fred C. Cuny, a humanitarian expert who taught the world how to respond on disaster, the management of emergency cases needs to have four phases. This includes mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.

Mitigation is the initial phase and it focuses more on eradicating or reducing certain risks. In addition to this, it also involves on long-term measures. It is considered mitigation if it is being applied before the disaster occurred, but if is applied after the disaster occurred, it becomes part of the recovery phase. Physical risk assessment involves in this phase by identifying and evaluating hazards. An example of this is avoiding the place where landslides are commonly occurring.

Personal preparedness is a must in the disaster management phase. It deals with preparing adequate equipments and procedures to be used during disaster. One of the things that one should prepare is the disaster supplies kit. In this kit, one must have a three-day supply of water. Moreover, first aid materials such as sterile bandages, anti-septic solutions and topical antibiotics should be included too.

After the occurrence of the disaster, the response phase comes in. This phase provides emergency services such as an ambulance. One should sort out patients well in this phase. Triage is used in sorting patients with regards to their needs when there are no adequate resources available. It is important for us to have knowledge on triage.
There are two types of triage, and these are the simple triage and the advanced triage. Simple triage sorts out severe patients from the less severe one. This type of triage assesses on who are the priority patients that need to be transported first. However, in advanced triage, the doctors may decide who are not to receive treatment due to their little chance of survival. Advanced care is provided to patients with greater chance of survival to save scarce resources from patients with little chance of survival. Triage tags are used in categorizing patients according to their level of injury.

In simple triage, it is divided into four groups. The deceased, immediate or priority one, delayed or priority two and the minor or the priority three. A person is being triaged as deceased when he or she is not breathing anymore. Along with the three groups of triage, the immediate triage is the first priority and the tag color used is red. The people who belong here are in critical condition and must be transported fast by an ambulance for immediate treatment. The yellow tag or the delayed triage becomes the second priority. They can be transported after the patients of the immediate triage. They have a stable condition but still needs medical assistance. Lastly, the people with minor conditions have green tags. These people can walk, may only require little treatment. They are being transported after the immediate and minor triage.

There are 5 kinds of advanced triage. These are the expectant, immediate, observation, wait and dismiss. People with severe injuries that will die hours or days after belong to the expectant triage, and a black tag is being used. The immediate triage uses red tag. People who require surgery are the first priority on this kind of triage. On the other hand, people in the observation triage need to be re-triage frequently and they need hospital care. The yellow tag is used here. The walking wounded people belong to the wait triage and they have green tags. They don’t require immediate doctor’s care and can be advised to go home and be back for check up the next day. An example is a person with a broken bone. The white tag is for the people on the dismiss triage. These are the people who don’t require doctor’s care. The first aid provided here is already sufficient.

The last phase in disaster management is the recovery phase. This phase is more on rebuilding the destroyed property and it is far different from the other phases.

References:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_management

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triage

DOLE Special Review

Below is the brochure that DOLE is giving away for the purpose of information to those who are going to take the voluntary retake of the Nursing Licensure Examination test 3 and 5 on December 2007. The registration period for the review classes lapsed last October 10, 2007. If however, you have not enrolled online and is eager to get into the review classes, try to get in touch with your local DOLE office for more inquiries. ;-)

See list of participating schools and schedules
View list of confirmed reviewees






click HERE to download brochure

source



♥ hotchoco

TWO

STANDARD PRECAUTIONS

BACKGROUND

In 1985, largely because of the emergence of HIV/AIDS, guidelines for

protecting healthcare workers from becoming infected with HIV and other

bloodborne infections (e.g., HCV) were quickly developed and became

known as Universal Precautions (UP). Almost from the moment they were

issued and hospitals and clinics began implementing them, it was

recognized that this new strategy, while protecting hospital personnel

(patient-to-personnel transmission), sacrificed some measures of

preventing patient-to-patient and personnel-to-patient transmission.

At nearly the same time that UP were being introduced, a new system of

health worker and patient precautions was proposed as an alternative to

the diagnosis-driven UP (Lynch et al 1987). This approach, called Body

Substance Isolation (BSI), focused on protecting patients and health

personnel from all moist and potentially infected body substances

(secretions and excretions), not just blood. BSI was based primarily on the

use of gloves. Personnel were instructed to put on clean gloves just before

touching mucous membranes or nonintact skin, and before anticipated

contact with moist body fluids (e.g., blood, semen, vaginal secretions,

wound drainage, sputum, saliva, amniotic fluid, etc.).

BSI quickly gained acceptance over UP because it was simple, easy to

learn and implement, and acknowledged that all patients, not just those

diagnosed or with symptoms, may be infected and therefore not free of

risk to other patients or staff. Disadvantages of BSI included the added

cost of protective barrier equipment, particularly gloves, difficulty in

maintaining routine use of the protocol for all patients, uncertainty about

precautions for patients in isolation rooms and the overuse of gloves to

protect staff at the expense of patients (Patterson et al 1991).

As a consequence, by the early 1990s healthcare facilities and staff were

totally confused regarding what to do about patient and staff precaution

guidelines. For example, some hospitals had implemented UP while others

had implemented BSI. Indeed, even hospitals and staff that thought they

were following UP were really using BSI, and vice versa. There was also

much local variation in interpretation and use of both UP and BSI, and a

variety of combinations was common. Moreover, there was continued lack

of agreement about the role of handwashing when gloves were used. This

confusion, coupled with the need to use additional precautions to prevent

diseases spread by airborne, droplet and contact routes, were major

limitations of BSI (Rudnick et al 1993).

In view of these problems and concerns, no simple merging together of

UP or BSI appeared likely to solve them. What has emerged since then is

a new system that provides a single set of isolation guidelines with

logistically feasible recommendations for preventing the many infections

that occur in healthcare facilities through all known modes of

transmission.

STANDARD PRECAUTIONS

The new guidelines issued by CDC in 1996 involve a two-level approach:

ü Standard Precautions, which apply to all clients and patients

attending healthcare facilities, and

ü Transmission-Based Precautions, which apply only to hospitalized

patients (Garner and HICPAC 1996).

As briefly presented, this new system retains features of

both UP and BSI. Moreover, it replaces the cumbersome disease-specific

isolation precautions with three sets of transmission-based precautions for

use in hospitalized patients.

Because most people with bloodborne viral infections such as HIV and

HBV do not have symptoms, nor can they be visibly recognized as being

infected, Standard Precautions are designed for the care of all persons—

patients, clients and staff—regardless of whether or not they are infected.

Standard Precautions apply to blood and all other body fluids, secretions

and excretions (except sweat), non-intact skin and mucous membranes.

Their implementation is meant to reduce the risk of transmitting

microorganisms from known or unknown sources of infection (e.g.,

patients, contaminated objects, used needles and syringes, etc.) within the

healthcare system. Applying Standard Precautions has become the primary

strategy to preventing nosocomial infections in hospitalized patients.

KEY COMPONENTS AND THEIR USE

The key components of the Standard Precautions and their use are outlined. Placing a physical, mechanical or chemical barrier between

microorganisms and an individual—whether a woman coming for

antenatal care, a hospitalized patient or healthcare worker—is a highly

effective means of preventing the spread of infections (i.e., the barrier

serves to break the disease transmission cycle). For example, the following

actions create protective barriers for preventing infections in clients,

patients and healthcare workers and provide the means for implementing

the new Standard Precautions:

ü Consider every person (patient or staff) as potentially infectious and

susceptible to infection.

ü Wash hands—the most important procedure for preventing crosscontamination (person to person or contaminated object to person).

ü Wear gloves (both hands) before touching anything wet—broken skin,

mucous membranes, blood or other body fluids, or soiled instruments

and contaminated waste materials—or before performing invasive

procedures.

• After touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions and contaminated items
• Immediately after removing gloves
• Between patient contact

Gloves

Ø For contact with blood, body fluids, secretions and contaminated items

Ø For contact with mucous membranes and nonintact skin

Masks, goggles, face masks

Ø Protect mucous membranes of eyes, nose and mouth when contact with blood and body fluids is likely

Gowns

Ø Protect skin from blood or body fluid contact

Ø Prevent soiling of clothing during procedures that may involve contact with blood

Ø or body fluids

Linen

Ø Handle soiled linen to prevent touching skin or mucous membranes

Patient care equipment

Ø Handle soiled equipment in a manner to prevent contact with skin or mucous

membranes and to prevent contamination of clothing or the environment

Environmental cleaning

Ø Routinely care, clean and disinfect equipment and furnishings in patient care areas

Sharps

Ø Avoid recapping used needles

Ø Avoid removing used needles from disposable syringes

Ø Avoid bending, breaking or manipulating used needles by hand

Ø Place used sharps in puncture-resistant containers

Patient resuscitation

Ø Use mouthpieces, resuscitation bags or other ventilation devices to avoid mouth-tomouth

resuscitation

Patient placement

Ø Place patients who contaminate the environment or cannot maintain appropriate

hygiene in private rooms

§ Use physical barriers (protective goggles, face masks and aprons) if

splashes and spills of any body fluids (secretions and excretions) are

likely (e.g., cleaning instruments and other items).

§ Use antiseptic agents for cleansing the skin or mucous membrane

prior to surgery, cleaning wounds, or doing handrubs or surgical

handscrubs with an alcohol-based antiseptic product.

§ Use safe work practices such as not recapping or bending needles,

safely passing sharp instruments and suturing, when appropriate, with

blunt needles.

§ Safely dispose of infectious waste materials to protect those who

handle them and prevent injury or spread of infection to the

community.

§ Process instruments, gloves and other items after use by first

decontaminating and thoroughly cleaning them, then either sterilizing

or high-level disinfecting them using the recommended procedures.

ANNOUNCEMENT on Posting Lectures

TASKS:

markrue - STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
therese - NORMAL VALUES
lordamiah- LEGAL MATTERS
hotchoco- CULTURAL VALUES PRACTICES BELIEFS
john-PRIORITIZATION AND DELEGATION
princess mei.-DISASTER MANAGEMENT/ BIOTERORISM PRECAUTIONS
shei- FLUID & ELECTROLYTES

-----------------------------


ps:

Before posting, make sure that you label the post under LECTURES ;-)

For additional topics click on COMMENTS below and post your topic

Dont forget to include your REFERENCES!






♥hotchoco